Monday September 06 , 2010
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Acting, Directing and Il Generale Della Rovere

 

Some of us were surprised to learn that only two of Roberto Rosselini's feature length films were "commercially successful"  -- Rome Open City (Roma Citta Apera) (1945) and Il Generale Della Rovere (1959).  We also were surprised (and happy) to learn that Rossellini spent most of his time in bed, and often worked in bed.  At times, visitors who came to his home to discuss business and/or film projects were brought into his bedroom where he sat perched in his bed.  We learned this from the interviews of his daughters Isabella Rosselini and Ingrid Rosselini, which interviews are available on the Criterion Collection DVD of the restored version of Il Generale Della Rovere.  

Il Generale Della Rovere stars actor, film director and Rosselini's friend Vittorio de Sica.  De Sica plays Emanuele Bardone, a con man deep in gambling debt who is forced by a Nazi colonel to impersonate resistance leader Generale Della Rovere for the purpose of infiltrating a prison of political prisoners in Milan during occupation.  The Bardone character is already a skilled actor-impersonator, well-practiced in a scheme of convincing the family members of those detained by the Nazis that he can win the release of their loved ones if they hand over significant sums of cash to be given by him as intermediary to certain Gestapo officers.  He then pockets the cash, gambles the cash, and eventually may hand over some cash to a Gestapo officer, who may or may not (usually not) arrange for the release of the family member.  

 

Inside prison, at the direction of the Nazi colonel, Bardone transforms himself into Generale Della Rovere, a revered leader of the resistance.  In this acting job, he manages to convince himself that he is worthy, becomes empathetic for his fellow prisoners and allows himself and his fellow prisoners to be commanded by the presence of Generale della Rovere. He is tortured as Generale Della Rovere, then declines to reveal the identify of a fellow prisoner who is a resistance leader.  He then walks amongst his new comrades to be executed.  Bardone is redeemed.  

Sergio Amidei wrote the screenplay for Il Generale Della Rovere, which was based on the novel by Indro Montanelli, which was based on a true story about Giovanni Bertoni.  (Amidei also wrote the screenplay for Rome Open City.)  Real archive footage of Milan during the war, particularly footage of bodies being pulled from bombed out buildings, is incorporated into Il Generale Della Rovere.  

 

By the way, in 2003, a 1,000 pound unexploded bomb was found during an excavation of a building in Milan, forcing the evacuation of 55,000 people.  It was dropped by the Allies during WWII.  The unexploded bomb was reported to be "in perfect condition."  BBC story HERE.

 

 

One of the best musical scenes in American film

One of the best musical scenes in American film is of Jim James's singing "Goin' to Acapulco" in Todd Hayes's I'm Not There, the Bob Dylan 'biographical':

   

The Dinosaur and the Missing Link

The 1917 film The Dinosaur and the Missing Link: A Prehistoric Tragedy was animated using clay figures and stop-motion techniques by Oakland-born Willis O'Brien. O'Brien also animated King Kong (1933), and other films.  This film was obtained from the Library of Congress:

   

The Head of Joaquin Murrieta

In their California history classes, fourth grade students in California learned about life in the Missions, the Gold Rush, Ishi, and the head of Joaquin Murrieta.  The Murieta story went like this: The "Americans" captured and killed the dangerous Mexican "bandit" Joaquin Murrieta, and placed his head into an enormous pickle jar for display to the public. 

The story made students of color a bit uncomfortable.

Here, some actors stage the Murrieta story:

And here, a "tornado of revenge" in the film Murieta (1965):

 

   

"Domesday," Now and Then: Taking Inventory and Making Plans for Disaster

In the early 1960s, Donald Kaplan, a practicing psychoanalyst, the poet Armand Schwerner, and Louise Schwerner, a scholar and wife of the psychoanalyst, created the The Domesday Dictionary: Being an inventory of the artifacts and conceits of a new civilization.  The Domesday Dictionary is a brilliant and artful compilation of summary definitions for the Atomic Age, which is defined as:

"The period of history beginning December 2, 1942 (3:25 P.M., Chicago time), when the first self-sustaining chain reaction releasing nuclear energy was achieved by the scientist Enrico Fermi and his colleagues in a converted squash court under the grandstands of an athletic field at the University of Chicago.  The Atomic Age was toasted in by the small assemblage present that Wednesday afternoon with Italian red wine doled out in paper cups and was announced by a coded telephone message to an absent associate: 'The Italian navigator has landed in the New World."

Most of the dictionary's definitions relate to the planning for the effects and aftermath of a nuclear explosion: Fallout, Firestorm, Mushroom Cloud, Survival Biscuit.  Some explain concepts of military strategy: Blunting Mission, First Column, Preemptive Attack.  Others entries describe specific human conditions such as Counterphobia:

"A compulsion to perform an activity which one actually is afraid of.  The compulsion is a symptom of an anxiety about fear. ... Counterphobics are people who engage in pursuits which normal people are not afraid to be afraid of."

Also, Kaplan, Schwerner and Kaplan describe strange governmental planning, including Free Postwar Postage:

"Free franking privileges instituted for the use of survivors of thermonuclear attacks.  In the event of some disruption of communications due to blast, fallout, fireball, radiation, firestorm, unexpectedly large bombardment, food poisoning, poor water distribution, the government of Canada, for instance, has stockpiled postage-free postcards to be used for change-of-address notifications."

A year after the Domeday Dictionary was first published, Sidney Lumet's film "Fail-Safe" was released.  The film was based on a novel by the same name.  The Domesday Dictionary tells us: "In a Fail-Safe military operation, bombs are instructed not to go beyond a certain point unless they receive positive confirmed orders to do so." 

"Holy Mother of God."

Notice the use of Domesday not Doomsday in the Domesday Dictionary.  Kaplan, Schwerner and Kaplan were tipping their collective hat to the compilers of the Domesday Book, which was commissioned in 1085 by William the Conqueror. The Domesday Book was a compilation of land and resource surveys created for tax purposes. William wanted to tax property to fund his mercenary army.  Like the Domesday Book, the Domesday Dictionary reflects the convergence of economic and military activities.  In the Domesday Book, the term "wasted" refers to land and property destroyed by William's army.

The Domesday Book was written in Latin and created by scribes. The book was originally called the "King's Roll" but later was called  the Domesday Book, in reference to Domesday (old English for Doomsday), the biblical Day of Judgment.  Like God's judgment at the Day of Judgment, the King's Roll could not be appealed and was the final word.  Its surveys were very precise.  Here is a survey translated into English:

"Roger de Lacy his son hold Tom , and William and Osbern [hold] of him.  In demesne they have 2 ploughs, and 4 Welshman 2 sesters of honey, and they have one plough.  There they have 3 slaves and 2 bordars.  The land is worth 20s."

Today, we hear the term "fallout" used with respect to the current economic crisis.  As Paddy Hirsch of Marketplace explains, fallout in economic terms is the ripple effect after the knocking out of investment banks, insurance companies, and commercial banks at the financial area of the world.  It is job loss, auto-makers begging for federal bailouts, and businesses unable to grow. It is also what cannot be seen.

As described in the Domesday Dictionary, the U.S. government  created plans to keep the the banking system going in the event of a nuclear disaster. It also planned to implement Loss Sharing, a process by which the "government would guarantee to pay, eventually, a percentage of the insured losses of individuals" after a massive nuclear attack.  Protection from fallout.

And as President Obama plans more economic stimulus and talks of nuclear disarmament, some people look for fallout shelters to protect against the mess of institutional carelessness. Others game survival in Wasteland. Here is a montage trailer of the online video game Fallout 3, set in the late 22nd Century in Southern California, where the protagonist lives in a fallout shelter known as Vault: